Kunstformen der Natur (known in English as Art Forms in Nature) is a book of lithographic and halftone prints by German biologist Ernst Haeckel.
Originally published in sets of ten between 1899 and 1904 and collectively in two volumes in 1904, it consists of 100 prints of various organisms, many of which were first described by Haeckel himself. Over the course of his career, over 1000 engravings were produced based on Haeckel's sketches and watercolors; many of the best of these were chosen for Kunstformen der Natur, translated from sketch to print by lithographer Adolf Giltsch.
A second edition of Kunstformen, containing only 30 prints, was produced in 1924.
According to Haeckel scholar Olaf Breidbach, the work was "not just a book of illustrations but also the summation of his view of the world." The over-riding themes of the Kunstformen plates are symmetry and level of organization. The subjects were selected to embody these to the full, from the scale patterns of boxfishes to the spirals of ammonites to the perfect symmetries of jellies and microorganisms, while images composing each plate are arranged for maximum visual impact.
Among the notable prints are numerous radiolarians, which Haeckel helped to popularize among amateur microscopists; at least one example is found in almost every set of 10. Cnidaria also feature prominently throughout the book, including sea anemones as well as Siphonophorae, Semaeostomeae, and other medusae. The first set included Desmonema annasethe (now Cyanea annasethe), a particularly striking jellyfish that Haeckel observed and described shortly after the death of his wife Anna Sethe.
Kunstformen der Natur was influential in early 20th-century art, architecture, and design, bridging the gap between science and art. In particular, many artists associated with Art Nouveau were influenced by Haeckel's images, including René Binet, Karl Blossfeldt, Hans Christiansen, and Émile Gallé. One prominent example is the Amsterdam Commodities Exchange designed by Hendrik Petrus Berlage: it was in part inspired by Kunstformen illustrations.
1. Phaeodaria
2. Thalamphora
3. Ciliata
4. Diatomea
5. Calcispongiae
6. Tubulariae
7. Siphonophorae
8. Discomedusae
9. Hexacoralla
10. Ophiodea
11. Discoidea
12. Thalamophora
13. Flagellata
14. Peridinea
15. Fucoideae
16. Narcomedusae
17. Siphonophorae
18. Discomedusae
19. Pennatulida
20. Crinoidea
21. Acanthometra
22. Spyroidea
23. Bryozoa
24. Desmidiea
25. Sertulariae
26. Trachomedusae
27. Ctenophorae
28. Discomedusae
29. Tetracoralla
30. Echinidea
31. Cyrtoidea
32. Rotatoria
33. Bryozoa
34. Melethallia
35. Hexactinellae
36. Leptomedusae
37. Siphonophorae
38. Peromedusae
39. Gorgonida
40. Asteridea
41. Acanthophracta
42. Ostraciontes
43. Nudibranchia
44. Ammonitida
45. Campanariae
46. Anthomedusae
47. Aspidonia
48. Stauromedusae
49. Actiniae
50. Thuroidea
51. Polycyttaria
52. Filicinae
53. Prosobranchia
54. Gamochonia
55. Acephala
56. Copepoda
57. Cirripedia
58. Tineida
59. Siphonophorae
60. Echinidea
61. Phaeodaria
62. Nepenthaceae
63. Basimycetes
64. Siphoneae
65. Florideae
66. Arachnida
67. Chiroptera
68. Batrachia
69. Hexacoralla
70. Ophiodea
71. Stephoidea
72. Muscinae
73. Ascomycetes
74. Orchidae
75. Platodes
76. Thoracostraca
77. Siphonophorae
78. Cubomedusae
79. Lacertilia
80. Blastoidea
81. Thalamophora
82. Hepaticae
83. Lichenes
84. Diatomea
85. Ascidiae
86. Decapoda
87. Teleostei
88. Discomedusae
89. Chelonia
90. Cystoidea
91. Spumellaria
92. Filicinae
93. Mycetozoa
94. Coniferae
95. Amphoridea
96. Chaetopoda
97. Spirobranchia
98. Discomedusae
99. Trochilidae
100. Antilopina
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